Wills-Revocation by Act to the Document-Effect on Codicil

The term codicil generally refers to a supplement to a will by which the testator alters or adds to his will. It may be nominated a codicil by the testator or held to be one by judicial construction. If it is to be operative at all, a codicil must of course be executed with all the formalities required by the statute of wills. But, just as it is difficult to describe a codicil without reference to a primary testamentary document, so also is it difficult to determine the status of an otherwise valid codicil when the will it supplements has been revoked. When the will has been revoked, either by an express act of the testator or by operation of law, how should a court treat a codicil which itself has not been mutilated with intent to revoke and not mentioned expressly by a subsequent revoking instrument? It should be recognized at the outset that this question may be raised in either of two settings. First, should such an instrument be admitted to probate? Second, if admitted, what effect should be given to it? It is with the first of these two possibilities that this discussion is primarily concerned, for it is at the probate stage that the determination as to revocation must be made, and a probate court finding that the codicil has been revoked obviates the necessity for any inquiry into the meaning of its language

Regulation of Business - Sherman Act - Effect of Trade-Mark on Scope of Relevant Market

Defendants are American corporations marketing trade-marked toilet goods obtained from their French affiliates. In each case the French company transferred to the American company trademark rights covering imported products. Pursuant to section 526 of the Tariff Act of 1930 defendants filed with the Bureau of Customs certificates of registration of these trade-marks for the purpose of preventing the competitive importation of products bearing the same trade-marks. In an action by the government charging that utilization of section 526 by each defendant constitutes an attempt to monopolize and a monopolization of the importation and sale of these trade-marked commodities in violation of section 2 of the Sherman Act, held, injunction granted. The relevant market is confined to the trade-marked toilet goods of each defendant. United States v. Guerlain, (S.D. N.Y. 1957) 155 F. Supp. 77

Variations in pre-analytical FFPE sample processing and bioinformatics: challenges for next generation molecular diagnostic testing in clinical pathology

Advances in cellular pathology techniques will improve diagnostic medicine. However, such improvements have to overcome many challenges including variations in pre-analytical sample processing, bioinformatics data analysis and clinical interpretation of data. In order to resolve such challenges, bioinformatics needs to become more tightly coupled to the experimental methodology development

Deconstructing Diagnosis: Four Commentaries on a Diagnostic Tool to Assess Individuals for Autism Spectrum Disorders

This is the final version. Available on open access from Autreach Press via the link in this recordDiagnostic assessment tools are widely used instruments in research and clinical practice to assess and evaluate autism symptoms for both children and adults. These tools typically involve observing the child or adult under assessment, and rating their behaviour for signs or so-called symptoms of autism. In order to examine how autism diagnosis is constructed, how diagnostic tools are positioned, and how their trainings are delivered, we paid for four places on a training course for a diagnostic tool. We asked the attendees (the first four authors) to each produce a critical commentary about their impressions of the training and the diagnostic tool itself. Their commentaries are published here in full. They have various disciplinary backgrounds: one is a social scientist, one an ethicist, one a psychiatrist, and one a developmental psychologist. The commentaries are followed by a concluding section that summarises the themes, commonalities, and differences between their accounts of the training course. Authors differed as to whether the diagnostic tool is a useful and necessary endeavour. Nevertheless, all critiqued of the tool’s lack of transparency, recognizing context, emotion, and differences in interpretation and power imbalances as playing an unidentified role in the assessment process. Based on this project, we recommend that training for raters for such tools should be accessible to a wider group of people, and incorporate more explicit recognition of its own limitations and commercialisation.Wellcome Trus

Is disclosing an autism spectrum disorder in school associated with reduced stigmatization?

This is the final version. Available on open access from SAGE Publications via the DOI in this recordDisclosing an autism diagnosis is associated with reduced stigmatization for autistic adults. However, it is unknown whether this is true for autistic adolescents. We used a vignette-and-questionnaire design to study stigmatizing attitudes with adolescents (aged 11- 12 and 14-16 years, total N=250) in a UK school. We investigated the effect of disclosing that a fictional adolescent was autistic on stigmatizing attitudes of peers by testing the effect of disclosure on the social and emotional distance pupils wanted to maintain from the autistic adolescent and their assessment of the adolescent’s responsibility for their own behaviour. Moderation of effects by gender and age-group were analysed. Disclosing autism made no improvement to the social and emotional distance peers wanted to maintain from the autistic adolescent, but was associated with significant reduction in personal responsibility attributed to the adolescent’s behaviour. Boys attributed more personal responsibility to the autistic adolescent than girls, but this gender effect was reduced when autism was disclosed. These findings suggest that disclosing autism to other pupils may be of limited use in reducing stigmatization by peers in UK schools.Wellcome Trus